Germanium
Introduction of Germanium
Germanium is lustrous, hard, grayish-white solid metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. The purified germanium is a 'p-type' semiconductor material.
The conductivity depends largely on added impurities. It has the same cubic crystal structure as diamond. It has a high refractive index and is high transparency to infrared radiation. Germanium is a semiconductor and is one of the purest metals on earth (99.99999999999%).
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Physical Properties of Germanium
Germanium is a metallic element with the symbol Ge. Its atomic number is 32 and its atomic mass is 72.9. The element is found in nature as the mineral germanite. It is a silvery white metal that is very soft and malleable. It is used in semiconductors and electronics because of its electrical conductivity.
Chemical Properties of Germanium
| Atomic Symbol | Ge |
|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 32 |
| Atomic Weight | 72.63 |
| Density | 5.323 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point: | 937.4℃ |
| Boiling Point | 2830℃ |
| CAS No. | 7440-56-4 |
| EINECS No. | 231-164-3 |
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Applications of Germanium
Ge is used mainly in three applications: optical fiber, infrared optics, and catalyst in PET synthesis.
Optical Fiber:
In the form of GeCl4, GeO2 is deposited in the core of the fiber. GeO2 has a high refractive index and a low optical dispersion.
Infrared optics:
Ge is used as lenses or windows. It is used in thermal imaging cameras, hot-spot detection mobile night vision applications.
Catalyst:
Germanium can also be used as a catalyst to produce plastics.
Others Uses:
Ge is also used electronic applications such as LEDs. A niche application is ultra-high purity single-crystal germanium. This is the purest metal on earth and is used in gamma radiation detectors.